Python/pathlib/Path

 الصنف pathlib.Path في بايثون

هو الصنف العام للأصناف التي تتعامل مع المسارات مع السماح بالقيام بعمليات الإدخال والإخراج، نورد فيما يلي طريقة الاستخدام الأساسية:

استيراد الصنف الأساسي من الوحدة pathlib:

>>> from pathlib import Path #استيراد الصنف الأساسي

إنشاء كائن والتكرار على المجلدات والملفات التي بداخله:

>>> p = Path('.') #إنشاء كائن باستخدام باين الصنف العام

>>> [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()] #تعداد المجلدات الموجودة ضمن المسار الحالي 
[PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),
PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]

تعداد ملفات بايثون المصدرية في شجر ة المجلدات هذه:

>>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))

[PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),
PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]

التنقّل ضمن شجرة المجلدات، يظهر فيه استخدام عملية القسمة / المُعاد تعريفها لتقوم بالتنقل بين المجلدات:

>>> p = Path('/etc')
>>> q = p / 'init.d' / 'reboot'
>>> q

PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')
>>> q.resolve()

PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')

الاستعلام عن خصائص المسار:

>>> q.exists()

True

>>> q.is_dir()

False

فتح ملف:

>>> with q.open() as f: f.readline()

السطر الأول وأهلا بك
السطر الأخير وداعا

11.1.2.‏ ‎‏PurePaths‏

الكائنات المنشأة من الصنف المسارات النقية تقدم عمليات لمعالجة المسارات بحيث لا يتم الوصول الفعلي إلى نظام الملفات. توجد ثلاث طرائق للوصول إلى هذه الأصناف، ونسمي هذه الطرائق بالنكهات. 

class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)

هو صنف عام يمثل نكهة مسار النظام (حيث يُنشأ كائن من نوع PurePosixPath أو PureWindowsPath عند إنشاء كائن منه)

class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)

هو صنف فرعي من الصنف PurePath، ويمثل مسارات أنظمة الملفات المغايرة لنظام ويندوز

class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)

هو صنف الفرعي من الصنف PurePath، ويمثل مسارات نظام الملفات في ويندوز

11.1.3. Concrete paths

المسارات الصلبة هي أصناف فرعية من أصناف المسارات النقية، وهي تقدم إضافة لكل ما سبق طرائق للقيام باستدعاءات من النظام على كائنات المسار، وهناك ثلاث طرق لإنشاء كائن من المسارات الصلبة

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

هو صنف فرعي من الصنف PurePath يمثل المسارات الصلبة لنكهات المسارات المختلفة للنظام، وعند إنشاء كائن منه يُنشأ كائن من أحد الصنفين PosixPath  أو WindowsPath.

A subclass of PurePath, this class represents concrete paths of the system’s path flavour (instantiating it creates either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath):

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

هو صنف فرعي من الصنف Path  والصنف PurePosixPath، يمثل المسارات الصلبة لمسارات أنظمة الملفات المغايرة لنظام ويندوز.

A subclass of Path and PurePosixPath, this class represents concrete non-Windows filesystem paths:

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

هو صنف فرعي من الصنف Path  والصنف PurePosixPath، يمثل المسارات الصلبة لمسارات أنظمة ملفات ويندوز.

A subclass of Path and PureWindowsPath, this class represents concrete Windows filesystem paths:

11.1.4. تقابل الأدوات المذكورة مع وحدة os

يبيّن الجدول التالي تقابل عدة توابع من الوحدة os  مع ما يقابلها و يكافئها من الوحدة PurePath و Path.

Below is a table mapping various os functions to their corresponding PurePath/Path equivalent.

ملاحظة:

بالرغم من وجود بعض التقاطع في حالات استخدام التابعين os.path.relpath‎‎()‎ والتابع PurePath.relative_to()‎ إلا أن مدلول كل منهما مختلف بما يدعو لعدم اعتبارهما متكافئين.

Note

Although os.path.relpath() and PurePath.relative_to() have some overlapping use-cases, their semantics differ enough to warrant not considering them equivalent.

الوحدة os والوحدة os.path	pathlib
os.path.abspath()	Path.resolve()
os.getcwd()	Path.cwd()
os.path.exists()	Path.exists()
os.path.expanduser()	Path.expanduser() و Path.home()
os.path.isdir()	Path.is_dir()
os.path.isfile()	Path.is_file()
os.path.islink()	Path.is_symlink()
os.stat()	Path.stat(),Path.owner(), Path.group()
os.path.isabs()	PurePath.is_absolute()
os.path.join()	PurePath.joinpath()
os.path.basename()	PurePath.name
os.path.dirname()	PurePath.parent
os.path.splitext()	PurePath.suffix

11.1.3. Concrete paths

Concrete paths are subclasses of the pure path classes. In addition to operations provided by the latter, they also provide methods to do system calls on path objects. There are three ways to instantiate concrete paths:

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

A subclass of PurePath, this class represents concrete paths of the system’s path flavour (instantiating it creates either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath):

>>>

>>> Path('setup.py')

PosixPath('setup.py')

pathsegments is specified similarly to PurePath.

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

A subclass of Path and PurePosixPath, this class represents concrete non-Windows filesystem paths:

>>>

>>> PosixPath('/etc')

PosixPath('/etc')

pathsegments is specified similarly to PurePath.

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

A subclass of Path and PureWindowsPath, this class represents concrete Windows filesystem paths:

>>>

>>> WindowsPath('c:/Program Files/')

WindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

pathsegments is specified similarly to PurePath.

You can only instantiate the class flavour that corresponds to your system (allowing system calls on non-compatible path flavours could lead to bugs or failures in your application):

>>>

>>> import os

>>> os.name

'posix'

>>> Path('setup.py')

PosixPath('setup.py')

>>> PosixPath('setup.py')

PosixPath('setup.py')

>>> WindowsPath('setup.py')

Traceback (most recent call last):

 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

 File "pathlib.py", line 798, in __new__

   % (cls.__name__,))

NotImplementedError: cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system

11.1.3.1. Methods

Concrete paths provide the following methods in addition to pure paths methods. Many of these methods can raise an OSError if a system call fails (for example because the path doesn’t exist):

classmethod Path.cwd()

Return a new path object representing the current directory (as returned by os.getcwd()):

>>>

>>> Path.cwd()

PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

classmethod Path.home()

Return a new path object representing the user’s home directory (as returned by os.path.expanduser()with ~ construct):

>>>

>>> Path.home()

PosixPath('/home/antoine')

New in version 3.5.

Path.stat()

Return information about this path (similarly to os.stat()). The result is looked up at each call to this method.

>>>

>>> p = Path('setup.py')

>>> p.stat().st_size

956

>>> p.stat().st_mtime

1327883547.852554

Path.chmod(mode)

Change the file mode and permissions, like os.chmod():

>>>

>>> p = Path('setup.py')

>>> p.stat().st_mode

33277

>>> p.chmod(0o444)

>>> p.stat().st_mode

33060

Path.exists()

Whether the path points to an existing file or directory:

>>>

>>> Path('.').exists()

True

>>> Path('setup.py').exists()

True

>>> Path('/etc').exists()

True

>>> Path('nonexistentfile').exists()

False

Note

If the path points to a symlink, exists() returns whether the symlink points to an existing file or directory.

Path.expanduser()

Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs, as returned by os.path.expanduser():

>>>

>>> p = PosixPath('~/films/Monty Python')

>>> p.expanduser()

PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')

New in version 3.5.

Path.glob(pattern)

Glob the given pattern in the directory represented by this path, yielding all matching files (of any kind):

>>>

>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*.py'))

[PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*/*.py'))

[PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]

The “**” pattern means “this directory and all subdirectories, recursively”. In other words, it enables recursive globbing:

>>>

>>> sorted(Path('.').glob('**/*.py'))

[PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),

PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),

PosixPath('pathlib.py'),

PosixPath('setup.py'),

PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

Note

Using the “**” pattern in large directory trees may consume an inordinate amount of time.

Path.group()

Return the name of the group owning the file. KeyError is raised if the file’s gid isn’t found in the system database.

Path.is_dir()

Return True if the path points to a directory (or a symbolic link pointing to a directory), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_file()

Return True if the path points to a regular file (or a symbolic link pointing to a regular file), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_mount()

Return True if the path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path’s parent, path/.., is on a different device than path, or whether path/.. and path point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. Not implemented on Windows.

New in version 3.7.

Path.is_symlink()

Return True if the path points to a symbolic link, False otherwise.

False is also returned if the path doesn’t exist; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_socket()

Return True if the path points to a Unix socket (or a symbolic link pointing to a Unix socket), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_fifo()

Return True if the path points to a FIFO (or a symbolic link pointing to a FIFO), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_block_device()

Return True if the path points to a block device (or a symbolic link pointing to a block device), False if it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.is_char_device()

Return True if the path points to a character device (or a symbolic link pointing to a character device), Falseif it points to another kind of file.

False is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink; other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated.

Path.iterdir()

When the path points to a directory, yield path objects of the directory contents:

>>>

>>> p = Path('docs')

>>> for child in p.iterdir(): child

...

PosixPath('docs/conf.py')

PosixPath('docs/_templates')

PosixPath('docs/make.bat')

PosixPath('docs/index.rst')

PosixPath('docs/_build')

PosixPath('docs/_static')

PosixPath('docs/Makefile')

Path.lchmod(mode)

Like Path.chmod() but, if the path points to a symbolic link, the symbolic link’s mode is changed rather than its target’s.

Path.lstat()

Like Path.stat() but, if the path points to a symbolic link, return the symbolic link’s information rather than its target’s.

Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)

Create a new directory at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process’ umask value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the path already exists, FileExistsError is raised.

If parents is true, any missing parents of this path are created as needed; they are created with the default permissions without taking mode into account (mimicking the POSIX mkdir -p command).

If parents is false (the default), a missing parent raises FileNotFoundError.

If exist_ok is false (the default), FileExistsError is raised if the target directory already exists.

If exist_ok is true, FileExistsError exceptions will be ignored (same behavior as the POSIX mkdir -pcommand), but only if the last path component is not an existing non-directory file.

Changed in version 3.5: The exist_ok parameter was added.

Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

Open the file pointed to by the path, like the built-in open() function does:

>>>

>>> p = Path('setup.py')

>>> with p.open() as f:

...    .readline()

...

'#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'

Path.owner()

Return the name of the user owning the file. KeyError is raised if the file’s uid isn’t found in the system database.

Path.read_bytes()

Return the binary contents of the pointed-to file as a bytes object:

>>>

>>> p = Path('my_binary_file')

>>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')

20

>>> p.read_bytes()

b'Binary file contents'

New in version 3.5.

Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None)

Return the decoded contents of the pointed-to file as a string:

>>>

>>> p = Path('my_text_file')

>>> p.write_text('Text file contents')

18

>>> p.read_text()

'Text file contents'

The optional parameters have the same meaning as in open().

New in version 3.5.

Path.rename(target)

Rename this file or directory to the given target. On Unix, if target exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has permission. target can be either a string or another path object:

>>>

>>> p = Path('foo')

>>> p.open('w').write('some text')

9

>>> target = Path('bar')

>>> p.rename(target)

>>> target.open().read()

'some text'

Path.replace(target)

Rename this file or directory to the given target. If target points to an existing file or directory, it will be unconditionally replaced.

Path.resolve(strict=False)

Make the path absolute, resolving any symlinks. A new path object is returned:

>>>

>>> p = Path()

>>> p

PosixPath('.')

>>> p.resolve()

PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

“..” components are also eliminated (this is the only method to do so):

>>>

>>> p = Path('docs/../setup.py')

>>> p.resolve()

PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

If the path doesn’t exist and strict is True, FileNotFoundError is raised. If strict is False, the path is resolved as far as possible and any remainder is appended without checking whether it exists. If an infinite loop is encountered along the resolution path, RuntimeError is raised.

New in version 3.6: The strict argument.

Path.rglob(pattern)

This is like calling Path.glob() with “**” added in front of the given pattern:

>>>

>>> sorted(Path().rglob("*.py"))

[PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),

PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),

PosixPath('pathlib.py'),

PosixPath('setup.py'),

PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

Path.rmdir()

Remove this directory. The directory must be empty.

Path.samefile(other_path)

Return whether this path points to the same file as other_path, which can be either a Path object, or a string. The semantics are similar to os.path.samefile() and os.path.samestat().

An OSError can be raised if either file cannot be accessed for some reason.

>>>

>>> p = Path('spam')

>>> q = Path('eggs')

>>> p.samefile(q)

False

>>> p.samefile('spam')

True

New in version 3.5.

Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)

Make this path a symbolic link to target. Under Windows, target_is_directory must be true (default False) if the link’s target is a directory. Under POSIX, target_is_directory’s value is ignored.

>>>

>>> p = Path('mylink')

>>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')

>>> p.resolve()

PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

>>> p.stat().st_size

956

>>> p.lstat().st_size

8

Note

The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink()’s.

Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)

Create a file at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process’ umask value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the file already exists, the function succeeds if exist_ok is true (and its modification time is updated to the current time), otherwise FileExistsError is raised.

Path.unlink()

Remove this file or symbolic link. If the path points to a directory, use Path.rmdir() instead.

Path.write_bytes(data)

Open the file pointed to in bytes mode, write data to it, and close the file:

>>>

>>> p = Path('my_binary_file')

>>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')

20

>>> p.read_bytes()

b'Binary file contents'

An existing file of the same name is overwritten.

New in version 3.5.

Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None)

Open the file pointed to in text mode, write data to it, and close the file:

>>>

>>> p = Path('my_text_file')

>>> p.write_text('Text file contents')

18

>>> p.read_text()

'Text file contents'

New in version 3.5.